IndianSpaceResearchOrganisation
The Indian
Space Research Organisation (ISRO, /ˈɪsroʊ/; Hindi: भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन; ; IAST: Bhāratiya
Antarikṣa Anusaṃdhān Sangaṭhan;
इसरो),
is the space agency of the Indian
government headquartered
in the city of Bengaluru. Its vision is to "harness space technology for
national development, while pursuing space science research and planetary
exploration".[1]
Formed in 1969, ISRO superseded the erstwhile Indian National Committee for Space
Research (INCOSPAR), which was established in 1962 by the efforts of
independent India's first Prime
Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru, and his close aide and scientist Vikram
Sarabhai. The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalised space
activities in India.[2] It is managed by the Department of Space, which reports to the Prime Minister of India.
ISRO built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April in 1975. In 1980, Rohinibecame the first satellite to be placed
in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3. ISRO subsequently developed two
other rockets: the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching satellites into polar orbits and theGeosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle (GSLV) for
placing satellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have
launched numerous communications satellites and earth observation satellites. Satellite
navigation systems likeGAGAN and IRNSS have been deployed. In January 2014,
ISRO successfully used an indigenous cryogenic engine in a GSLV-D5 launch of the GSAT-14.[3][4]
ISRO sent one lunar orbiter, Chandrayaan-1,
on 22 October 2008 and one Mars orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, which successfully
entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014, making
India the first nation to succeed on its first attempt, and ISRO the fourth
space agency in the world as well as the first space agency in Asia to successfully reach Mars orbit.[5]Future
plans include development of GSLV Mk III (for launch of heavier satellites),
development of a reusable launch vehicle, human spaceflight, further lunar
exploration, interplanetary probes, a solar spacecraft mission, etc.[6] ISRO has carried out 75
spacecraft missions, 46 launch missions. 51 foreign satellites have been
launched by ISRO's launch vehicles,[7] and 28 ISRO satellites
have been launched by foreign launch vehicles. As of October 2015, ISRO has
agreed to launch 23 foreign satellites of nine different nations including
Algeria, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and the US.
Communication
Satellites:
The
Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system is one of the largest domestic
communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region with nine operational
communication satellites placed in Geo-stationary orbit. Established in 1983
with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s
communications sector and sustained the same later. Currently operational
communication satellites are INSAT-3A, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B,
INSAT-4CR, GSAT-8, GSAT-10 and GSAT-12.
The system with a total of 195 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite news gathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.
The system with a total of 195 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, satellite news gathering, societal applications, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.
List
of Communication Satellites
|
Application
|
||||||
|
Nov 11, 2015
|
3164 kg
|
Solar
array providing 6200 Watts and Three 100 AH Lithium-Ion batteries
|
GSO
|
|||
|
Aug 27, 2015
|
2117 kg
|
Generated
power 3100 W
|
||||
|
Dec 07, 2014
|
3181.6 kg
|
Solar
array providing 6000 Watts and two 180 AH Lithium lon batteries
|
Ariane-5
VA-221
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jan 05, 2014
|
1982 kg
|
2600 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Aug 30, 2013
|
2650 kg
|
3,000 W
|
Ariane-5
VA-215
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jul 26, 2013
|
2060 Kg
|
1164 W
|
Ariane-5
VA-214
|
GSO
|
Communication,
Disaster Management System, Earth Observation
|
|
|
Sep 29, 2012
|
3400 kg
|
6474 Watts
|
Ariane-5
VA-209
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jul 15, 2011
|
1410 kg
|
1430 Watts
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Jul 15, 2011
|
1410 kg
|
1430 Watts
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
May 21, 2011
|
3093 kg
|
6242 Watt
|
Ariane-5
VA-202
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
May 21, 2011
|
3093 kg
|
6242 Watt
|
Ariane-5
VA-202
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Dec 25, 2010
|
2310 kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Dec 25, 2010
|
2310 kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Apr 15, 2010
|
2220 Kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Apr 15, 2010
|
2220 Kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Sep 02, 2007
|
2,130 kg
|
3000 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Sep 02, 2007
|
2,130 kg
|
3000 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Mar 12, 2007
|
3025 Kg
|
5859 W
|
Ariane5
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Mar 12, 2007
|
3025 Kg
|
5859 W
|
Ariane5
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Dec 22, 2005
|
3081 Kg
|
5922 W
|
ARIANE5-V169
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
May 05, 2005
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||||
|
May 05, 2005
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||||
|
Sep 20, 2004
|
1950.5 kg
|
2040 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Sep 20, 2004
|
1950.5 kg
|
2040 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Sep 28, 2003
|
2,775 Kg
|
Ariane5-V162
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Sep 28, 2003
|
2,775 Kg
|
Ariane5-V162
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
May 08, 2003
|
1800 Kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
May 08, 2003
|
1800 Kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Apr 10, 2003
|
2,950 Kg
|
3,100 W
|
Ariane5-V160
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Apr 10, 2003
|
2,950 Kg
|
3,100 W
|
Ariane5-V160
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Sep 12, 2002
|
1060 Kg
|
550 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Sep 12, 2002
|
1060 Kg
|
550 W
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Jan 24, 2002
|
2,650 Kg
|
2765 W
|
Ariane5-V147
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jan 24, 2002
|
2,650 Kg
|
2765 W
|
Ariane5-V147
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Apr 18, 2001
|
1530 Kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Apr 18, 2001
|
1530 Kg
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Mar 22, 2000
|
2,070 Kg
|
1,712 W
|
Ariane-5G
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Mar 22, 2000
|
2,070 Kg
|
1,712 W
|
Ariane-5G
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Apr 03, 1999
|
2,550 Kg
|
Ariane-42P
H10-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Apr 03, 1999
|
2,550 Kg
|
Ariane-42P
H10-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
||
|
Jan 01, 1998
|
nearly 600
kg
|
1.4 kW
|
Ariane-44L
H10
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jan 01, 1998
|
nearly 600
kg
|
1.4 kW
|
Ariane-44L
H10
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jun 04, 1997
|
2079 Kg
|
1650 Watts
|
Ariane-44L
H10-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jun 04, 1997
|
2079 Kg
|
1650 Watts
|
Ariane-44L
H10-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Dec 07, 1995
|
2106 Kg
|
1320 Watts
|
Ariane-44L
H10-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Dec 07, 1995
|
2106 Kg
|
1320 Watts
|
Ariane-44L
H10-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jul 23, 1993
|
1906 kg
|
One KW
approx.
|
Ariane-44L
H10+
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jul 23, 1993
|
1906 kg
|
One KW
approx.
|
Ariane-44L
H10+
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jul 10, 1992
|
1906 kg
|
One KW
approx
|
Ariane-44L
H10
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jul 10, 1992
|
1906 kg
|
One KW
approx
|
Ariane-44L
H10
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|
|
Jun 12, 1990
|
Delta 4925
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Jun 12, 1990
|
Delta 4925
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Jul 22, 1988
|
Ariane-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Jul 21, 1988
|
Ariane-3
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Aug 30, 1983
|
Shuttle
[PAM-D]
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Aug 30, 1983
|
Shuttle
[PAM-D]
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Apr 10, 1982
|
Delta
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
|||
|
Apr 10, 1982
|
Delta
|
GSO
|
Communication
|
Satellite
Navigation
Satellite Navigation service is an emerging satellite based
system with commercial and strategic applications. ISRO is committed to provide
the satellite based Navigation services to meet the emerging demands of the
Civil Aviation requirements and to meet the user requirements of the
positioning, navigation and timing based on the independent satellite
navigation system. To meet the Civil Aviation requirements, ISRO is working
jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI) in establishing the GPS Aided Geo
Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system. To meet the user requirements of the
positioning, navigation and timing services based on the indigenous system, ISRO
is establishing a regional satellite navigation system called Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS).
(a) GPS
Aided GEO Augmented Navigation (GAGAN):
This is a Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) implemented
jointly with Airport Authority of India (AAI). The main objectives of GAGAN are
to provide Satellite-based Navigation services with accuracy and integrity
required for civil aviation applications and to provide better Air Traffic
Management over Indian Airspace. The system will be interoperable with other
international SBAS systems and provide seamless navigation across regional
boundaries. The GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) is available through GSAT-8 and
GSAT-10.
(b) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
(IRNSS)
This is an independent Indian Satellite based positioning system
for critical National applications. The main objective is to provide Reliable
Position, Navigation and Timing services over India and its neighbourhood, to
provide fairly good accuracy to the user. The IRNSS will provide basically two
types of services
1. Standard
Positioning Service (SPS)
2. Restricted
Service (RS)
Space Segment consists of seven satellites, three satellites in
GEO stationary orbit (GEO) and four satellites in Geo Synchronous Orbit (GSO)
orbit with inclination of 29° to the equatorial plane. All the satellites will
be visible at all times in the Indian region. The first satellite is scheduled
to be launched in 2013 and the total seven satellite constellation is scheduled
to be in place by 2016. Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and
operation of the IRNSS constellation. It provides the monitoring of the
constellation status, computation of the orbital and clock parameters and
navigation data uploading. The Ground segment comprises of TTC & Uplinking
Stations, Spacecraft Control Centre, IRNSS Timing Centre, CDMA Ranging
Stations, Navigation Control Centre and Data Communication Links. Space segment
is compatible with single frequency receiver for Standard Positioning Service
(SPS), dual frequency receiver for both SPS & RS service and a multi mode
receiver compatible with other GNSS providers.
Earth
Observation
The Indian Remote sensing programme is driven by the user needs.
In fact, the first remote sensing based pilot project was carried out to
identify coconut root-wilt disease in Kerala way back in 1970. This pilot
project led the development of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites.
Varieties of instruments have been flown onboard the IRS satellites to provide
necessary data in a diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to
cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage.
These IRS satellites observe the planet Earth from space and
provide us periodically synoptic and systematic information pertaining to land,
ocean and atmosphere and several aspects of environment. This information is a
key ingredient in the programmes of the government at the Centre and State
towards ensuring food and water security, sustaining our environment and
eco-system, understanding weather and climate, monitoring and management of
natural resources, planning and monitoring of developmental activities, support
to management and mitigation during disaster events, and information for better
governance.
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